Engineering and Management Study

Introduction  When two plates or parts are joined together, they may joined permanently or temporarily. Thus the joints may be classified as Permanent joints or fastenings, and Temporary joints or fastenings. Permanent fastenings These are joints which cannot be disassembled without breaking the connecting or joining components. Welded joints, riveted joints are permanent joints. Temporary fastenings These joints are made temporarily so that they can be disassembled when ever required without destroying the connecting or joining components. Screwed joints and pin joints are temporary joints. Rivet The rivet is a piece of metal usually, mild steel or wrought iron used to make permanent joints that has strength and tightness. It is also made of  brass, aluminium and copper.   Riveting:   The process of forming another rivet-head, after the rivet is placed in the holes previously drilled or punched through the plates, is called riveting Fig.6.2.Riveting Types of ri...

Drawing nuts and bolts It is often necessary to draw nuts and bolts and a quick easy method is required to produce a satisfactory result Nuts and bolts are not normally drawn on detail drawings unless they are of a special type. They are shown on assembly drawings and, provided  they are standard stock sizes, are called up in parts lists and Schedules It is conventional drawing practice to show, as first choice, nuts and bolts in the across corners position if a single view only is  illustrated since this is instantly. Approximate construction for nuts and bolts 1. Draw a circle in the plan position, 2D in diameter,where D is equal to the thread size. In this example let us assume that the  thread size is M20. 2. Draw a hexagon inside the 40 mm diameter circle and inside the hexagon draw another circle tangential to the hexagon on the six sides. This circle is the Projection of the chamfer which can be seen on the Front elevation. 3. The nut thickness is 0.8D. Project the...

Introduction   Freehand sketching is one of the effective methods to communicate ideas irrespective of the Branch of study. The basic principles of drawing used in freehand sketching are similar to those used in drawings made with instruments. The sketches are self explanatory in making them in the sequence. Importance of Free Hand Sketching. Free hand drawing has much importance in practical works because a draftsman has to check the drawings of every object from the engineer. Principles of Free Hand Sketching. Following principles should be followed for free hand sketching: 1.  The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its objectives and concepts. 2.  More detailed aspect is considered for selection of a view 3.  Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views. 4.  Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased easily. 5.   Scale and ruler are not used in drawing, although, ratio and proportion o...

The basis for all hydraulic systems is expressed by Pascal's law which states that the pressure exerted anywhere upon an enclosed liquid is transmitted undiminished, in all directions, to the interior of the container. This principle allows large forces to be generated with relatively little effort.  The purpose of a specific hydraulic system may vary, but all hydraulic systems work through the same basic concept. Defined simply, hydraulic systems function and perform tasks through using a fluid that is pressurized. Another way to put this is the pressurized fluid makes things work. The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is significant and as a result, hydraulic are commonly used in heavy equipment. In a hydraulic system, pressure, applied to a contained fluid at any point, is transmitted undiminished. That pressurized fluid acts upon every part of the section of a containing vessel and creates force or power. Due to the use of this force, and depending on how it’s applied, operato...

Introduction Pneumatic systems are power systems using compressed air as a work- ing medium for the power transmission. Their principle of operation is similar to that of the hydraulic power systems. An air compressor  converts the mechanical energy of the prime mover into, mainly, pres- sure energy of the compressed air. This transformation facilitates the transmission, storage, and control of energy. After compression, the compressed air should be prepared for use. The air preparation includes filtration, cooling, water separation, drying, and adding lubricating oil mist. The compressed air is stored in compressed air reservoirs and transmitted through transmission lines: pipes and hoses. The pneumatic power is controlled by means of a set of valves such as the pressure, flow, and directional control valves. Then, the pressure energy is converted to the required mechanical energy by means of the pneumatic cylinders and motors. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rc...